參考資料(來源:自由百科全書):
信仰,是指對聖賢的主張、主義、或對神的信服和尊崇、對鬼、妖、魔或天然氣象的恐懼,並把它奉爲自己的行爲準則。信仰與崇拜經常聯繫在一起,但是與崇拜還有不同。信仰主要針對“觀念”,而崇拜主要針對模某個“個體”,例如上帝、耶穌、太陽、獅子等。信仰與“認知(相信)”不同,一般說認知(相信)一種理論,而不是說信仰一種理論。信仰帶有情感體驗色彩,特別是體現在宗教信仰上。
信仰是人對人生觀、價值觀Value on Personal and Cultural和世界觀(World View)等的選擇和持有。信仰體現著人生價值、人生意義的可靠落實。信仰與所信仰的物件是否客觀存在沒有必然聯繫。宗教並非信仰物件,而是信仰的表現形式,表現形式不可作爲信仰物件。
信仰往往是由外在因素形成、受到父母、社會、宗教和傳統所影響。如果一個伊斯蘭教家庭從一個基督教家庭收養一個剛出生的小孩,那小孩長大就會變成一個伊斯蘭教徒;反之也是如此。但信仰亦可以是內在的,透過個人的經歷和對靈性的追尋,而選擇一種適合自己的宗教信仰。信仰可以獲得,可以被塑造,也可以被抛棄。雖然有不少宗教對信徒的離開有嚴格限制,但根據聯合國的《人權公約》,人是有選擇宗教、或選擇不信仰宗教的自由。
Belief is the psychological state in which an individual holds a proposition or premise to be true.[1] (Schwitzgebel, Eric (2006), "Belief", in Zalta, Edward, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Stanford, CA: The Metaphysics Research Lab, http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/belief/, retrieved on 2008-09-19)。
The relationship between belief and knowledge is subtle. Believers in a claim typically say that they know that claim. For instance, those who believe that the Sun is a god will often report that they know that the Sun is a god. However, the terms belief and knowledge are used differently by philosophers. It is a telling point concerning the nature of belief that most people distinguish between what they know and what they believe, even though they consider both kinds of statements to be true.
Epistemology is the philosophical study of knowledge and belief. The primary problem in epistemology is to understand exactly what is needed in order for us to have knowledge. In a notion derived from Plato's dialogue Theaetetus, philosophy has traditionally defined knowledge as justified true belief. The relationship between belief and knowledge is that a belief is knowledge if the belief is true, and if the believer has a justification (reasonable and necessarily plausible assertions/evidence/guidance) for believing it is true.
A false belief is not considered to be knowledge, even if it is sincere. A sincere believer in the flat earth theory does not know that the Earth is flat. Similarly, a truth that nobody believes is not knowledge, because in order to be knowledge, there must be some person who knows it.
Later epistemologists[who?] have questioned the "justified true belief" definition, and some philosophers[who?] have questioned whether "belief" is a useful notion at all.
Beliefs are the assumptions we make about ourselves, about others in the world and about how we expect things to be.
Beliefs are also how we think things really are.
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